The Link between Recycling and Litter: A Field Study

Articles
Reams, M. A., Geaghan, J. P., & Gendron, R. C. (1996). The link between recycling and litter: A field study. Environment and Behavior, 28, 1, 92-110.
Determine whether residential recycling programs introduced an additional benefit (reduced litter) and evaluated the proposition that such programs should impart to participants a…

Litter Reduction: How Effective is the New York State Bottle Bill?

Articles
Levitt, L., & Leventhal, G. (1986). Litter reduction: How effective is the New York State Bottle Bill?. Environment and Behavior, 18, 4, 467-479.
Examined the effectiveness of the anti-litter New York Bottle Bill by using a multiple-time series design in which 7 observations of the number of returnable and nonreturnable bot…

The Use of Stimulus Control over Littering in a Natural Setting

Articles
O’Neill, G. W., Blanck, L. S., & Joyner, M. A. (1980). The use of stimulus control over littering in a natural setting. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 13, 2, 379-381.
A conventional litter receptacle (55-gallon drum) and a specially designed receptacle consisting of a 55-gallon drum adorned with a plywood "hat" were alternated in 2 areas of a f…

The Unintended Effects of a Posted Sign on Littering Attitudes and Stated Intentions

Articles
Horsley, A. D. (1988). The unintended effects of a posted sign on littering attitudes and stated intentions. Journal of Environmental Education, 19, 3, 10-14.
The effects of an anti-littering sign that read "We treat litterbugs like all insects" were compared with those for a sign that read "Please save our landscape; don't litter." Ss …

Using Verbal and Visual Prompts to Control Littering in High Schools

Articles
Houghton, S. (1993). Using verbal and visual prompts to control littering in high schools. Educational Studies, 19, 3, 247-254.
Investigated the use of verbal and visual prompts to control litter behavior of students in 2 Western Australian high schools. 1,750 students participated in the study. Data were …

The Commons Dilemma as Metaphor: Memory, Influence, and Implications for Environmental Conservation

Articles
Mio, J. S., Thompson, S. C., & Givens, G. H. (1993). The commons dilemma as metaphor: Memory, influence, and implications for environmental conservation. Metaphor and Symbolic Activity, 8, 1, 23-42.
Research on the commons dilemma has enjoyed much vigorous interest in the social psychological literature since Hardin's (1968) discussion of the dilemma as it relates to environm…

Shame and Embarrassment as Deterrents to Noncompliance with the Law: The Case of an Antilittering Campaign

Articles
Grasmick, H. G., Bursik, R. J. & Kinsey, K. A. (1991). Shame and embarrassment as deterrents to noncompliance with the law: The case of an antilittering campaign. Environment and Behavior, 23, 2, 233-251.
Presents data supporting the hypothesis that threats of shame, a self-imposed punishment, and threats of embarrassment, a socially imposed punishment, function much like threats o…

A Comparison of Table-Littering Behavior in Two Settings: A Case for a Contextual Research Strategy

Articles
Meeker, F. L. (1997). A comparison of table-littering behavior in two settings: A case for a contextual research strategy. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 17, 1, 59-68.
Compared table littering behavior of nearly 2,000 persons and 1,100 table occupancies in 2 settings (a fast-food restaurant and a university library concession lounge). The settin…

Field and Laboratory Studies of Littering

Articles
Krauss, R. M. & Freedman, J. L. & Whitcup, M. (1978). Field and laboratory studies of littering. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 14, 1, 109-122.
Reports 2 field and 2 laboratory experiments on littering behavior. In Exp I, observations of 1,765 Ss at 9 locations in the New York City area showed that littering rates varied …

Environmental Interventions for Litter Control

Articles
Geller, E. S., Witmer, J. F. & Tuso, M. A. (1977). Environmental interventions for litter control.. Journal of Applied Psychology, 62, 3, 344-351.
In 2 experiments, customers entering a grocery store were given a handbill listing specially priced items, and later the disposal locations of handbills left in the store were rec…
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